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Police misconduct refers to inappropriate or illegal actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination or obstruction of justice. In an effort to control police misconduct, there is an accelerating trend for civilian agencies to go beyond review to engage directly in investigations and to have much greater input into disciplinary decisions. With the proliferation of mobile devices capable of recording alleged misconduct, existing eavesdropping laws in some jurisdictions are being leveraged to prosecute civilians, while in other circumstances police will illegally seize or delete evidence. Types of misconduct include false confession, false arrest, false evidence, false imprisonment, intimidation, police brutality, police corruption, racial profiling, surveillance abuse, witness tampering and off-duty misconduct.〔Martinelli TJ. (2007). (Minimizing Risk by Defining Off-Duty Police Misconduct ). ''The Police Chief''.〕 Others include: *Noble cause corruption, where the officer believes the good outcomes justify bad behavior〔Martinelli TJ. (2006). (Unconstitutional Policing: The Ethical Challenges in Dealing with Noble Cause Corruption ). ''Police Chief''.〕 *Selective enforcement (knowledge and allowances of violations by friends, family and/or acquaintances unreported) *Abuses of power (using badge or other ID to gain entry into concerts, to get discounts, etc.) *Police perjury (blatant lying under oath and/or to other authorities to cover wrongdoing) *Influence of drugs and/or alcohol while on duty *Violations by officers of police procedural policies There is a view that police officers share a 'code of silence' and do not turn each other in for misconduct. While some officers have called this code a myth,〔Ferrell CE. (2003). (Code of Silence: Fact or Fiction? ). ''Police Chief''.〕 a 2005 survey found evidence that it exists.〔Westmarland L. (2005). (Police Ethics and Integrity: Breaking the Blue Code of Silence ). ''Policing and Society''.〕 ==Contributors and prediction== Misconduct has been shown to be related to personality and education, but it can also be significantly affected by the culture of the police agency.〔 Education can help predict misconduct, with better-educated officers receiving fewer complaints on average.〔No author. (2007).(Annotated Bibliography on Performance of Officers with Bachelor’s Degrees ). ''The Police Chief''. See also from same issue: Carter L, Wilson M. (Measuring Professionalism of Police Officers ).〕 Some analyses have found that changes in structural disadvantage, population mobility, and immigrant population have been associated with changes in police misconduct. Social disorganization may create a context for police misconduct because residents may not have in place the social networks necessary to organize against police malpractice. The fact that most police officers enjoy broad discretion and minimal supervision has been cited as increasing opportunities for police misconduct. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Police misconduct」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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